Fully revised and updated. A resource providing first line dietary advice to carers of, or people with or at risk of developing pressure injuries.

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To give first line dietary advice to carers of, or people with or at risk of developing pressure injuries to:

  1. understand the need to increase their nutritional and fluid intake
  2. to apply the dietary advice.

The Target Group will:

  • understand how to increase their protein intake (and energy, if applicable) to ensure nutritional adequacy and promote wound healing
  • understand and know how to manage key factors that affect wound healing including dehydration, inadequate energy and protein intake, an unbalanced diet with poor sources of vitamins and minerals.
  • Public Health England Eatwell Guide.
  • SACN Vitamin D & Health Report 2015.
  • National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and Pan Pacific Pressure injury alliance. Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers/Injuries: Quick Reference Guide. Emily Haesler (Ed). EPUAP/NPIAP/PPPIA: 2019.
  • Langer G & Fink A. Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers. Cochrane database of systematic Reviews. 2014: 6 DOI: ID 1002/14651858.CD003216.pub2
  • NICE 2014. Pressure Ulcers: prevention and management. Clinical Guideline (CG179).
  • ESPEN guidelines on nutritional support for polymorbid internal medicine patients. Clinical Nutrition 2017.
  • Junna Ye & Raj Mani (2016) A systematic Review and Meta-analysis of nutritional supplementation in chronic lower extremity wounds. The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds 15(4):296-302.
  • PENG (2018). A Pocket Guide to Clinical Nutrition.
  • NICE Clinical Guideline (CG32) Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition (2006).
  • NICE Quality Standard (QS24) Nutrition support in adults (2012).
  • ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics. Clinical Nutrition (2018). 
  • BDA Nutrition & Hydration Digest. 2nd Edition (2019). 
  • Baldwin C, Weekes CE. Cochrane Review (2011). Dietary Advice with or without oral nutrition supplements for disease-related malnutrition in adults.
  • Baldwin C & Weekes CE (2012). Dietary Counselling with or without oral nutritional supplements in the management of malnourished patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 25 (5): 411-26.
  • Managing Malnutrition in the Community. Malnutrition Pathway. 2nd Edition 2017.
  • Poscia A et al (2018) Effectiveness of nutritional interventions addressed to elderly persons: umbrella systematic review with meta-analysis. European Journal of Public Health. 28(2):275-283. 
  • Trabal J & Farran-Codina A (2015) Effects of dietary enrichment with conventional foods on energy and protein intake in older adults: a systematic review. Nutrition Reviews. 73(9):624- 633.
  • Collins J & Porter J (2015) The effect of interventions to prevent and treat malnutrition in patients admitted for rehabilitation: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 28, 1-15.
  • ter Borg S et al (2015). Macronutrient intake and inadequacies of community-dwelling older adults, a systematic review. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 66(4):242-255. 
  • ter Borg S et al (2015). Micronutrient intakes and potential inadequacies of community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review. British Journal of Nutrition. 113(8):1195-1206. 
  • Cruz-Jentoft A et al (2018). Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2019 Jan 1;48(1):16-31. 
  • Artaza-Artabe I et al. (2016) The relationship between nutrition and frailty: Effects of protein intake, nutritional supplementation, vitamin D and exercise on muscle metabolism in the elderly. A systematic review. Maturitas. 93:89-99. 
  • Bloom I et al (2018) Diet Quality and Sarcopenia in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 10(3):05. 
  • Eglseer D, Eminovic S & Lohrmann C (2016). Association Between Sarcopenia and Nutritional Status in Older Adults: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 42(7):33-41. 
  • C. H. Murphy, H. M. Roche (2018). Nutrition and physical activity countermeasures for sarcopenia British Nutrition Foundation Nutrition Bulletin, 43, 374–387 
  • Laur et al (2017). Malnutrition or frailty? Overlap and evidence gaps in the diagnosis and treatment of frailty and malnutrition. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 42: 449–458. 
  • Favaro-Moreira NC et al (2016). Risk Factors for Malnutrition in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of the Literature Based on Longitudinal Data. Advances in Nutrition. 7(3):507-522. 
  • Feng Z et al (2017). Risk factors and protective factors associated with incident or increase of frailty among community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. PLoS ONE. 
  • Tieland M et al (2017). The Impact of Dietary Protein or Amino Acid Supplementation on Muscle Mass and Strength in Elderly People: Individual Participant Data and Meta-Analysis of RCT's. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 21(9):994-1001.
  • Lonnie et al (2018). Protein for Life: Review of Optimal Protein Intake, Sustainable Dietary Sources and the Effect on Appetite in Ageing Adults. Nutrients, 10, 360.
  • Beck et al (2016). Nutritional intervention as part of functional rehabilitation in older people with reduced functional ability: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol. 29 (6):733-745.
  • Laerum-Onsager et al (2021). Effect of nutritional and physical exercise intervention on hospital readmission for patients aged 65 or older: a systematic review and meta-analysis or randomised controlled trials. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 18:80.
  • Kimber et al (2015). Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake in malnourished or nutritionally at-risk adults: a systematic review of nonrandomised studies. J Hum Nutr Diet, 28, 517-545.
  • Vegan Eatwell Guide, 2020.
  • BDA One Blue Dot Toolkit. 2020.
  • BDA Older People Specialist Group Guiding Food Principles (2019).
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NDR-UK Ref No: 9312
Publication Format: A5 leaflet
Classification: HP
Pack size: 10
Publication date: 04/07
Last Review: 2022
Last Update: 2022

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